System Migration

Migrasi adalah perpindahan. Dalam konteks TI/SI Migrasi system (system migration) merupakan proses perpindahan dari ingkungan system yang lama ke lingkungan system yang baru. Yang tentunya diharapkan system yang baru lebih baik dari system sebelumnya. Hal ini dikarenakan system yang lama sudah tidak sesuai lagi atau dikarenakan system yang baru dapat mengoptimalkan kinerja. Misalnya adalah perpindahan dari windows NT server menuju windows 2000 server.
Migrasi tidak hanya berlaku pada framework yang sama misalnya perpindahan dari windows NT ke UNIX. Migrasi juga dapat melibatkan perpindahan ke hardware ataupun software yang baru atau keduanya. Migrasi dapat dilakukan pada skala yang kecil ataupun dalam skala besar yang mana melibatkan banyak system, aplikasi yang baru, atau mendesain ulang jaringan. Migrasi juga dapat berupa perpindahan data dari media penyimpanan yang lama ke media penyimpanan baru (old database to new database) yang mana terdapat perbedaan format penyimpanan files-nya.
(techtarget Corporate, 2000).

Manajemen Waktu

Manajemen waktu merupakan perencanaan, pengorganisasian, penggerakan, dan pengawasan produktifitas waktu. Waktu menjadi salah satu sumber daya untuk kerja. Sumber daya yang mesti dikelola secara efektif dan efisien. Efektifitas terlihat dari tercapainya tujuan menggunakan waktu yang telah ditetapkan sebelumnya. Merencanakan terlebih dahulu penggunaan waktu bukanlah suatu pemborosan melainkan memberikan pedoman dan arah bahkan pengawasan terhadap waktu. Jebakan yang sering muncul disini adalah rasa percaya diri dapat cepat bila dikerjakan sendiri dimana itu perasaan yang kurang tepat. Akhirnya setelah selesai tuntas pekerjaan dilakukan pengawasan berdasarkan rencana, yang tidak lupa memberikan reward terhadap keberhasilan.

Ada 4 indikator kualitas manajemen waktu, yaitu:

1.      Tetap merencanakan

2.      Tetap mengorganisasikan

3.      Tetap menggerakkan

4.      Tetap melakukan pengawasan

Selain itu terdapat 7 cara sederhana manajemen waktu yang baik, sebagai berikut:

1.      Jangan takut untuk menolak ajakan orang lain

2.      Kenali kapan kamu dapat bekerja dengan produktif

3.      Buatlah rencana atas tugas-tugas kita

4.      Buatlah agenda apa saja yang harus dilakukan dan diselesaikan

5.      Hindari sesuatu yang dapat membuat kita tidak focus dalam bekerja

6.      Bagi tugas menjadi hal-hal yang kecil agar lebih mudah dikerjakan

7.      Buatlah jadwal dan jangan menunda-nunda sebaiknya kerjakan saat itu juga

Manfaat manejemen waktu bagi kehidupan sehari-hari

1.      Tugas tertata rapi

2.      Mempercepat semua urusan

3.      Melatih disiplin diri

4.      Menjadikan kita sebagai orang yang bertanggung jawab

Dampak manajemen waktu yang buruk:

1.      Penumpukan tugas

2.      Hasil yang tidak memuaskan

3.      Menjadi malas

Maka dari itu bisa kita mengetahui seberapa pentingnya manajemen waktu bagi kita. Dengan demikian kita bisa melatih untuk memanajemen waktu agar menjadi pribadi yang disiplin.

SOAL TOEFL

Part A

Adjective Clause

1.    Error Analysis

Jossapat        : Look (A) at my new Ring. Isn’t (B) it cool?

Dennis           : Yeah, I absolutely agrees (C) with you. It perfectly (B) matches with your finger.

2.    There are two big black Japanese motorcycle (A) in the parking are. Mine (B) is the one who (C) has a sticker on the tank. It’s easy to identify (D).

3.    A plumber fix (A) your plumbs and kitchen sinks (B) while a janitor cleans school, offices (C), stores, and other business places (D).

4.    Error Analysis

Lubu               : Have you got  (A) a plan to do this weekend (B)?

Chao              : I’m not sure. I should (C) just be at (D) home to finish some deadlines.

5.    Error Analysis

Manager        : How (A) would you like to work for this project, with your previous team or (B) new team?

Idhay              : I’d rather to keep (C) my old team. We are a solid (D) team.

Active - Passive

6.    Somebody cleans the room every day.

a.    The room was clean by somebody every day.

b.    The room is cleaned by somebody every day.

c.    The room is clean by somebody every day.

d.    Somebody is cleaned the room every day.

7.    Sam has taken an English course.

a.    Sam has been taken an English course.

b.    An English course taken by Sam.

c.    An English course has been taken by Sam.

d.    English course have taken by Sam.

8.    The student are using computers now.

a.    The computer are being used by student now.

b.    The computer are used by them now.

c.    The computer were used by them now.

d.    The computer is being used by them now.

9.    My father fixed the car yesterday.

a.    My father was fixed the car yesterday.

b.    My father was being fixed the car yesterday.

c.    The car was fix by my father yesterday.

d.    The car was fixed by my father yesterday.

10. The kid has broken the window.

a.    The window has been broken by the kid.

b.    The window will be broken by the kid.

c.    The window is being broken by the kid.

d.    The window is broken by the kid.

Part B

1.    Violence on American campuses has abated….

a.    After 1970                        c. For 1970

b.    In 1970                             d. Since 1970

2.    Ancient civilizations such as the Phoenicians and the Mesopotamians…. goods rather than use money.

a.    Use to trade                    c. Used to trade

b.    Is use to trade                 d. Was used to trade

3.    Most Americans don’t object…. them by their first names.

a.    That I call                        c. For calling

b.    To my calling                  d. That I am call

4.    North Carollina is well known not only for the Great Smoky Mountains National Park…. for the Cherokee Indian settlements.

a.    Also                                  c. But also

b.    And                                   d. Because of

5.    General Grant had General Lee…. him at Appomattox to sign the official surrender of the Confederate forces.

a.    To meet                            c. Meet

b.    Met                                    d. Meeting

6.    General Grant had General Lee…. him at Appomattox to sign the official surrender of the Confederate forces.

a.    Would                               c. Does

b.    Will                                   d. Has

7.    Possible to determine whether the baby will be born with defects.

a.    A                                       c. If a

b.    That a                               d. When it is a

8.    Prices for bikes can run… $250.

a.    As high as                       c. Has so few

b.    As high to                        d. So high as

9.    Travelers…. their reservations well in advance if they want to fly during the Christmas holidays.

a.    Had better to get            c. Had better get

b.    Had to get better            d. Had better got

10.  For the investor who…. money, silver or bonds are good options.

a.    Has so little a                  c. Has so few

b.    Has very little                  d. Has very few

Answer:

Part A

1.   C

2.   C

3.   A

4.   C

5.   C

6.   The room is cleaned by somebody every day.

7.   An English course has been taken by Sam.

8.   The computers are being used by the students now.

9.   The car was fixed by my father yesterday.

10. The window has been broken by the kid.

Part B

1.   D      

2.   C      

3.   B      

4.   C      

5.   C      

6.   D      

7.   C      

8.   A      

9.   C      

10. B    

TIPS FOR LISTENING SECTION – TOEFL

5 Tips for Tackling the Listening Section

Here are five tips to help you be ready for the Listening section:

1. Take notes while you listen. Only the major points will be tested, so do not try to write down every detail. After testing, notes are collected and shredded before you leave the test center.

2. Pay attention to the speaker’s tone of voice. For instance, whether the speaker sounds excited, sad or confused can help you answer questions that are about the speaker’s attitude or opinion.

3. When listening to a lecture, make note of the way the lecture is organized and the way the ideas in the lecture are connected. Referring back to your notes will help you answer questions about overall organization.

4.  If you are unsure of the correct response, try to figure out which choice is most consistent with the main idea of the conversation or lecture.

5.  Listening questions must be answered in order. Once you click on OK, you cannot go back to a previous question.

Don’t forget to continue to build your English skills by listening to movies, TV and the radio in English. Doing this regularly will have a great impact.

4 Tips for Listening for Pragmatic Understanding

Here are four tips to help develop these types of listening skills:

1.    Think about what each speaker hopes to accomplish. What is the purpose of the speech or conversation?

2.    Learn to pay attention to the speaker’s tone of voice. Is the language formal or casual? Is the speaker’s voice calm or emotional?

3.    Notice the speaker’s degree of certainty. How sure is the speaker about the information? Does the speaker’s tone of voice indicate something about his or her degree of certainty?

4.    Pay attention to the way stress and intonation patterns are used to convey meaning. Replay segments multiple times, listening for shades of meaning. This will help you understand a speaker’s point of view.

In general, be sure to listen to different kinds of material on a variety of topics to build your listening skills. Start with television shows and movies, then move on to programs with academic content, such as NPR and BBC broadcasts. Practicing listening will not only help you succeed on the TOEFL® test, it will be invaluable preparation for your journey abroad!

To maintain and enhance your solid skills, here are some points to keep in mind for the future.

1. Use the resources in your community to practice listening to English.

§ Visit places in your community where you can hear English spoken.

·   Go to an English school, an embassy or an English-speaking Chamber of Commerce.

·   Go to a museum and take an audio tour in English.

·   Follow a guided tour in English of your city.

·   Call or visit a hotel where tourists stay and get information in English about room rates, hotel availability or hotel facilities.

·   Call and listen to information recorded in English, such as a movie schedule, a weather report or information about an airplane flight.

§  Watch or listen to programs recorded in English.

·   Watch television programs.

·   CNN, the Discovery Channel or National Geographic

·   Watch movies, soap operas or situation comedies

·   Rent videos or go to a movie in English.

·   Listen to a book on tape in English.

·   Listen to music in English and then check your accuracy by finding the lyrics on the Internet (e.g., www.lyrics.com).

§  Go to Internet sites to practice listening.

·   National Public Radio (www.npr.org)

·   CBS News (www.cbsnews.com)

·   Randall's Cyber Listening Lab (www.esl-lab.com)

·   BBC World Service.com Learning English (www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish)

§  Get CDs with full-length lectures. Full-length lectures/presentations are available from UC Berkeley.

§  Practice speaking English with others.

·   Look for a conversation partner and exchange language lessons with an English speaker who wants to learn your language.

2.     Begin to prepare for academic situations.

§  Visit academic classes, cultural centers, or museums where people are invited to talk in English about their work.

·   Before you listen to a lecture in English, read assigned chapters or background information on academic topics.

·   Visit lectures on a wide variety of topics.

§  Record lectures or presentations and replay them several times.

·   Listen to different types of talks on various topics, including subjects in which you have limited or little background.

·   Listen to short sections several times until you understand the main points and the flow of ideas.

·   Stop the recording in the middle and predict what will come next.

·   Practice listening to longer lectures.

§  Become familiar with the organization or structure of lectures.

·   Pay attention to the structure.

·   lecture or presentation — introduction, body, and conclusion

·   narrative story — beginning, middle, and end

·   Learn to recognize different styles of organization.

·   theory and evidence

·   cause and effect

·   steps of a process

·   comparison of two things

·    

§  Think carefully about the purpose of a lecture.

·   Try to answer the question, "What is the professor trying to accomplish in this lecture?"

·   Write down only the information that you hear. Be careful not to interpret information based on your personal understanding or knowledge of the topic.

·   Answer questions based on what was actually discussed in the talk

·    

§  Develop a note-taking strategy to help you organize information into a hierarchy of main points and supporting details.

·   Make sure your notes follow the organization of the lecture.

·   Listen for related ideas and relationships within a lecture and make sure you summarize similar information together.

·   Use your notes to write a summary.

3.     Listen for signals that will help you understand the organization of a talk, connections between ideas, and the importance of ideas.

§  Listen for expressions and vocabulary that tell you the type of information being given.

·   Think carefully about the type of information that these phrases show.

·   opinion (I think, It appears that, It is thought that)

·   theory (In theory)

·   inference (therefore, then)

·   negatives (not, words that begin with "un," "non," "dis," "a")

·   fillers (non-essential information) (uh, er, um)

·   Identify digressions (discussion of a different topic from the main topic) or jokes that are not important to the main lecture [It’s okay not to understand these!]

§  Listen for signal words and phrases that connect ideas in order to recognize the relationship between ideas.

·   Think carefully about the connection between ideas that these words show.

·   reasons (because, since)

·   results (as a result, so, therefore, thus, consequently)

·   examples (for example, such as)

·   comparisons (in contrast, than)

·   an opposing idea (on the other hand, however)

·   another idea (furthermore, moreover, besides)

·   a similar idea (similarly, likewise)

·   restatements of information (in other words, that is)

·   conclusions (in conclusion, in summary)

·    

§  Pay attention to intonation and other ways that speakers indicate that information is important.

·   Listen for emotions expressed through changes in intonation or stress.

·   Facial expressions or word choices can indicate excitement, anger, happiness, frustration, etc.

·   Listen how native speakers divide long sentences into "thought groups" to make them easier to understand. (A thought group is a spoken phrase or short sentence. Thought groups are separated by short pauses.)

·   Listen to sets of thought groups to make sure you get the whole idea of the talk

·   Listen for important key words and phrases which are often ...

·   repeated

·   paraphrased (repeated information but using different words)

·   said louder and clearer

·   stressed

·   Listen for pauses between important points.

·   In a lecture, pay attention to words that are written on the board.

Note: References to other sources and Internet sites are provided as a service and should not be understood as endorsements of their